Science World

The difference between science engineering and technology was not always clear it confused common people. We can define science, reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method. Engineering is the process of designing and making tools and systems using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including engineering mathematical and historical knowledge to achieve some practical result. Technology is however a consequence of science.


 For example science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors by using already existing tool and knowledge while this knowledge may help some engineer to create some tool or machine such computer. The exact relations between science and technology have been debated by scientists historians and policymakers in the late 20th century in part because the debate can inform the funding of applied sciences. In the immediate wake of world war, for example in USA was widely considered. New products new industries require continuous addition to knowledge of laws of nature. This essential knowledge can be obtained only through basic research.

Technology has affected our society in various ways. In many societies, technology helped to develop more advance economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Technological process also produces unwanted products, known as pollution. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology raises new questions. Philosophical debates have been arisen to the present and future use of technology in our society. The use of the term technology has changed its meanings significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century the term was not common in English. This term was usually referred to the description or study of the useful arts. The term was often connected to technical education as in Massachusetts institute of technology. Technology rose to prominence in 20th century in connection with the second industrial revolution era. The meanings of technology changed in early 20th century. By 1930s, technology referred not to the study of the industrial arts but to the industrial arts themselves. In 1937 the American sociologist Read Bain wrote that technology includes all tools machines utensils weapons instruments housing clothing communicating and transporting by which we produce them. Bain’s definition remains common among scholars today. But equally prominent is the definition of technology as applied sciences especially among scientists and engineers although most social scientist and engineers who study technology reject this definition. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage technology refers to the tools and machines that may be used to solve problems in real world.

Technology affects our daily life it is making usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or to perform a specific function. It also refers to the collection of such tools and machinery. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species and environment. The word technology comes from Greek world (technología); which is the combination of τέχνη (téchnē), meaning "art, skill, craft", and -λογία (-logía), meaning "study of-". The term can be applied generally or to specific areas for examples include construction technology, medical technology, and information technology.


The human species has increased use technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorically discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and invention of the wheel helped humans in traveling in and controlling their environment. The discovery of ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and wheel invention helped us in traveling in and controlling their environment.





Robotics is the example of advanced technology.
 Recently technological development which includes printing press, telephone and internet has lessened physical barriers. It allows communicating humans freely all over the world. These technologies have not been only used for peaceful purpose only while these also have been used to developed weapons which can be proved very destructive.

First Generation Computer (started from 1940 and lasted on 1956) is also called as Vacuum Tube Computers, because these used used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory and were often enormous to take an entire room space. These computers were difficult to operate also, used more space and electricity. As a result these created much heat which was often the cause of malfunctions. The whole machine is 51 feet long, weighs 5 tons, and incorporates 750,000 parts. . It used 3304 electromechanical relays as on-off switches, had 72 accumulators (each with its own arithmetic unit) as well as mechanical register with a capacity of 23 digits plus sign. The arithmetic is fixed-point, with a plugboard setting determining the number of decimal places. There are 60 sets of rotary switches, each of which can be used as a constant register - sort of mechanical read-only memory. First generation computers used machine language which is the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.

Computer has developed gradually, in different phases. Each generation has brought a major change in computer's world. While this change made computer more accessible, reliable, cheaper and useful. Basically we divide computer development in 5 major sections. We can also call it a historical background of computer. These changes make the computer life complete. These generations are listed below:
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes.
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors.
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence.

Jet engine basically works on the application of Sir Isaac Newton's third law of Physics, which says that every action has a reaction which is equal but in opposite side. air is taken into the inlet of a jet engine (suck) and then compressed (squeeze) by a series of rotors and stators. A fuel mixture is injected into the chamber with the compressed air and ignited. The subsequent combustion is directed, it results exhaust. Due to this Plane is pushed forward. Modern jet engine is made up of several rows of spinning propeller blades called Rotors.

In cloud computing,IAAS means Infrastructure as a service. It refers the infrastructure that is provided by a cloud computing company.
Infrastructure as a Service is a provision model in which an organization outsources the equipment used to support operations, including storage, hardware, servers and networking components. As the cloud computing has three basic services, IaaS is one of them. Other two services are Pass(platform as a service) and SaaS(software as a service). Infrastructure as a service can also be defined as computer infrastructure, such as virtualization, being delivered as a service.However virtual means thing that you do not have in real, but you can imagine it.

As zong is one of the best service provider in Pakistan, wishing also for license of 3g technology in Pakistan now. Zong has announced a mobile with android operating system v2.2, and 3g technology. Specification and price of zong handset has been given here.
OS – Android OS, V2.2
CPU – 528 MHz Qualcomm Processor
3.2 MP Camera
Bluetooth • GPRS/ EDGE
Wi-Fi
USB
GPS
Accelerometer
Proximity Sensor
Ambient Light Sensor
POP3 and Exchange Server Email Support
microSD Card Support (microSD card not included).
Price of zong handset:Handset with new ZONG SIM: Rs. 6,999/-*
8MB free GPRS per month for 6 months.

Shared Infrastructure — Uses a virtualized software model, enabling the sharing of physical services, storage, and networking capabilities. The cloud infrastructure, regardless of deployment model, seeks to make the most of the available infrastructure across a number of users
Dynamic Provisioning — Allows for the provision of services based on current demand requirements. This is done automatically using software automation, enabling the expansion and contraction of service capability, as needed. This dynamic scaling needs to be done while maintaining high levels of reliability and security.
Network Access — Needs to be accessed across the internet from a broad range of devices such as PCs, laptops, and mobile devices, using standards-based APIs (for example, ones based on HTTP). Deployments of services in the cloud include everything from using business applications to the latest application on the newest smartphones.
Managed Metering — Uses metering for managing and optimizing the service and to provide reporting and billing information. In this way, consumers are billed for services according to how much they have

Cloud computing is basically the use of resources by cloud computing provider companies, means that you can use high machine service on your Pentium system also.
The only thing you need is an internet connection. If you have 2gb installed memory don't care you can use 6gb or more memory, which a cloud computing company provides you, also if you have low level system you can even use high features on the same machine through cloud computing. you have to pay for all these features. You can also use more hard disk and many other features through this service. In other words cloud computing is a revolution in IT industry.
Many applications can be run on your computer without installing those on your system. Cloud computing has been divided into three major segments "application" "storage" and "connectivity". How ever cloud computing is still facing some challenges such as Security and Privacy, Lack of Standards, Continuously Evolving. In near feature these challenges can be fulfilled. After all it is a big revolution in IT field.

3G is a mobile technology means that it can be used in mobiles every where. it is a little different than wifi technology. 3G is also named as third generation technology. 3G Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network.

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998. The basic feature of 3G Technology (Thrid Generation Technology) is fast data transfer rates. However this feature is not currently working properly because, ITU 200 is still making decision to fix the data rates.
This technology is still missing in Pakistan, however it is possible in near future.
Some telecommunication companies(such as telenor, zong) are willing to provide this technology. It may be possible at the end of may 2012.

Our galaxy may be awash in homeless planets, wandering through space instead of orbiting a star.

In fact, there may be 100,000 times more "nomad planets" in the Milky Way than stars, according to a new study by researchers at the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC), a joint institute of Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

If observations confirm the estimate, this new class of celestial objects will affect current theories of planet formation and could change our understanding of the origin and abundance of life.

published in ACS' journal, Environmental Science and Technology, it provides the first broadly based information on amounts of the nanomaterial - a source of concern with regard to its potential health and environmental effects - in a wide range of consumer goods.

In the study, Paul Westerhoff, Ph.D., and colleagues point out that titanium dioxide is a common additive to many consumer products, from food to paint to cosmetics.

Westerhoff explained that the body releases the nanoparticles in feces and urine, sending them to wastewater treatment plants, which cannot prevent the smallest particles from entering lakes and rivers. Only one previous study, done a decade ago, reported on titanium dioxide content in a few commercial products.

Moscow (RIA Novosti) Feb 17, 2012 - Russia's Roscosmos space agency has suggested expanding the length of future expeditions to the International Space Station from the current six months to a year and even longer to provide for the next step in space exploration - manned spaceflights beyond low-Earth orbit. Earlier, the countries involved in the ISS project agreed that the station could remain operational until 2020.

New images from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft show the moon's crust is being stretched, forming minute valleys in a few small areas on the lunar surface. Scientists propose this geologic activity occurred less than 50 million years ago, which is considered recent compared to the moon's age of more than 4.5 billion years.

A team of researchers analyzing high-resolution images obtained by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) show small, narrow trenches typically much longer than they are wide. This indicates the lunar crust is being pulled apart at these locations. These linear valleys, known as graben, form when the moon's crust stretches, breaks and drops down along two bounding faults. A handful of these graben systems have been found across the lunar surface.